@techreport{oai:grips.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001669,
 author = {NAITO, Tomoe and WIE, Dainn},
 note = {https://www.grips.ac.jp/list/jp/facultyinfo/wie-dainn/, In Japan, where the responsibility for child rearing lies mostly with women, mothers experience tighter time constraints and increased demands for parenting when their children enter elementary school. We employ unique data containing detailed information about mothers’ employment and emotional distress to first examine the existence of first-grade shock, which has been recognized by the media and government. Our empirical investigation shows that the share of mothers’ employment as part-time workers increases when their children are in the first grade but returns to the previous level the following year. We also show consistent evidence from women’s perceptions of work-life conflicts, equal share of housework, and emotional distress, as well as evidence regarding their concerns about their children’s lives, evidence which supports the existence of first-grade shock., We appreciate generous support from Policy Research Center for financial support under the grant (Missing Women in STEM).},
 title = {First-Grade Shock: Women’s Work-Life Conflict in Japan}
}